Greek History Essay Example Pdf - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2089 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category History Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Are there any special insights to be had from analysing Greek history in terms of either class or status? Greek history cannot be viewed as complete without analysing the class structure and status, as most of the historical evidence we have acquired from the classical period have come from inscriptions and sculptures made by one particular class of people, who had a high status in society. Thusly it is not necessarily about gaining special insights as it is gaining as complete an insight into Greek Ancient history as possible, though special insights will inevitably present themselves. This side of Greek history has only been focused on since these issues have come to the fore in modern times what with Marxism and communism rising in the 20th Century; these issues of class and status come under classical scrutiny because it is inevitable that they were as relevant then as they are now because human nature does not change and you will see clea r comparisons. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Greek History Essay Example Pdf" essay for you Create order Only men native to a particular city-state who were free and owned land were entitled to the full protection of the law in a city-state and be considered citizens. The Athenian social structure consisted of the population being divided up into four classes based on wealth. This differs from Sparta where all male citizens who finished their education were considered equal. So it is clear that insights can be gained from analysing Greek history because both class and status are issues that classical historians must understand in order to have as complete as possible outlook on Greek history. People who were not part of the free land owning citizens were known as metics. Foreigners who moved into the city were part of this group, so too were slaves who had been freed. It can certainly be argued that this is exploitation of and looking down on certain groups of people showing us a special insight into how the different classes saw each other and the status each acquired. Th is insight could not be attained without analysing the class or status. Because they did not have the technology we have today in antiquity, G. E. M. de Ste. Croix argues in his book The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World that the dominant wealthy classes continued to dominate by demanding a lot more than was actually necessary from the lower classes. Such things as slavery, serfs, debt bondsmen and many other methods were employed to stop the lower classes from rebelling by keeping them busy. This is backed up by people such as Aristotle, who wrote in his Politics that men (meaning citizens of the state) were rational animals but slaves and women were not capable of reason. He called slaves animate tools whose only use was to obey the commands of the rich masters. In his Politics work he writes, But among barbarians no distinction is made between women and slaves, because there is no natural ruler among them: they are a community of slaves, male and female. Where fore the poets say, It is meet that Hellenes should rule over barbarians; as if they thought that the barbarian and the slave were by nature one. This gives us some clear insight into the mindset of the citizens of Greek city states. There is a common misconception amongst people that Greece was a unified nation that thought as one. But, I have already displayed a difference between two different cities in Greece and their social structures were quite different and these differences do offer us special insights. Greece was not one nation operating under the same thinking, but it contained many different identities, it is both a Mediterranean and a Balkan country. In fact, an official Greek state did not come into being until Rome united it as one. There were hundreds of different states across the area which contained the people who became known as the Greeks. Loyalty was held to their own city states, rather than Greece as a whole. We can also gain some insight in to daily life when analysing Greek history in terms of class or status. Most of the population were forced to work on the soil by those that were free citizens who were a small number of wealthy landowners and owned a lot of land. The slaves would work on the wealthy landowners land, there was little alternative to this. So they were viewed as mere tools, as the aforementioned quote from Aristotle shows, describing them as animate tools as if they were modern day tractors or any other tool that makes agriculture easier, for the wealthy landowner at least. There is also another area of study, apart from the relationship between the wealthy landowning citizens and the metics and slaves which is about how business in general was conducted in Ancient Greece that is opened to us once we study Ancient Greece from the perspective of status and class. Paul Millet suggests that patronage has had so little written about it that one might think it did not even exist in the Ancient Gree k World. However, it must be said, with what little evidence we have; Sparta is the city-state we have the most evidence for patronage, but below this is Athens. Athens was viewed as the most advanced democracy of the time, and the aforementioned Aristotle also viewed it as such, despite its inequalities. This quote from Aristotles Politics is relevant here as, remembering his previously quoted view on barbarians, here he is talking about the citizens of the perfect democracy, which does not include slaves, women, metics and others: Democracy arose from the idea that those who are equal in any respect are equal absolutely. All are alike free, therefore they claim that they are all equal absolutely. Athens has always been said to have been the first true democracy by mainstream classical historians, special insight can be gained here from studying Ancient Greek history from a class and status perspective to denounce that myth. Though all members of the citizenship of Ath ens could vote at the assembly, the vast majority of the people who actually lived in Athens, like the metics, women, slaves and others could not vote or have any say in political life. Comparisons can be drawn to today here as, before Solons reforms slavery was given as a punishment for debt. This is comparable to today and offer special insight because today personal debt is at an all time high, particularly in America and Britain and if the debt becomes too high the banks send bailiffs to seize your property and your home effectively removing you from the citizenship and making you a metic. Using the Marxist ideology adopted by de Ste Croix in his aforementioned book, more comparisons can be drawn to today as a small minority of the people still maintain all the wealth. The means of production concept is also as relevant then as it is now and the owners of the means of production, the bourgeoisie still control it thus forcing the common man or the proletariat into wor king in order to survive. This in effect is slavery as they have no other choice but to work and feed the means of production to keep the wheels of democracy and capitalism turning. Analysing the status of women also offers special insights into Greek History that would otherwise have gone unnoticed by the male dominated classical period. The role of the female in Ancient Greece was one of purely being a housekeeper and a mother to any children she may have. As I have said, there was no way for them to get involved in political life. Plays like Aristophanes Lysistrata shows that the very idea of women being in power was considered completely ludicrous and was only relevant when they wanted to make a joke. Like slaves, women could hold no possessions as they belonged to her father and then once she is married to her husband. Their primary function of looking after the home included the use of many slaves, sorting out finances, spinning, bread making and of course weaving w hich is the epitomy of the feminine thing to do as in evidence from Homers The Odyssey. They lived and ate in separate quarters from the men, nor could they go out in public on their own. Spartan women had it better as they were allowed to take part in athletic competitions and generally had more freedoms. Comparisons can be drawn here with modern times also as in the Islamic faith women are encouraged not to be seen in public and in the Christian faith women have always been vilified. This is clearly special insight being drawn from Greeces Ancient history as studying the status or class both offer the opportunity to compare social issues from ancient times to today, as they are clearly still relevant. We can also gain insight from this because Athens direct democracy may not have worked if it werent for its usage of such strict requirements to be allowed to participate. This creates insightful debate over this very reasoning meaning that it was not a democracy per se, b ut rather a democracy for the few where only a small section of society could participate and be elected. Comparisons can also be drawn to today with the long Bush-Clinton dynasty heading towards their fourth straight president, who comes from the same elite wealthy section of society. But the only difference is that the debt slaves of modern times actually choose not to participate instead of being forced not to as was the case in Ancient Athens. A more obvious comparison to modern times and what we can learn from the Ancient Greeks is the modern examples of literal slavery as opposed to the economic enslavement I have spoken of. Slaves in near modern times are quite comparible to those of Ancient times and thus offer an interesting insight into Greek history and what we can learn from it in terms of their mistakes, before slavery was abolished in 1863 in America many people were taken from Africa and elsewhere to America to work as slaves. This is quite reminiscent of the barbarians I quoted Aristotle speaking of earlier, saying how they were less than human. This was the kind of attitude that allowed slavery to continue for as long as it did, and as Western society takes its origins from classical history it is then easy to understand why it was so readily accepted. The same comparisons can be drawn about the treatment of women and minority groups whose racism they had to endure is similar to the treatment and opinions of barbarians at the time. In conclusion, what constitutes special insight can be interpreted many different ways but I feel that it relates to the information we can gain that has previously been ignored by the classical history establishment, in favour of focusing solely on the elite wealthy landowners without considering the slaves and the people who did not necessarily have a voice. This is why I feel de Ste. Croixs use of Marxist ideology in his book The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World is extremely apt in p ortraying this special insight as it effectively shows the same system of control that is employed today as back in the Ancient Greek World in a different format to today, but still ultimately debt slavery. It also offers special insight in the general goings on of Ancient Greek society with the question of status and class relating to patronages usage and if it was even used at all as the lack of it in history books would suggest. The biggest special insight I feel it offers in terms of either class or status is that it shows the lack of willingness to make the unheard voices heard, it clearly shows that Greek history is written by those that dominated it and its majority of people living there as slaves, metics, women will unfortunately remain an unheard voice in the trumpeting of the creators of democracy we apparently hold so dear today. References De Ste. Croix, The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World, Duckworth Ed, 1997 Paul Millet, Patronage in Ancient Society, Routledge, 1989 Aristotle, The Politics, Jowett translation, revised by Jonathan Barnes, 1981 Homer, The Odyssey, E.V. Rieu translation, Penguin Books, 2003. Arisophanes, Lysistrata and Other Plays, Alan H. Sommerstein translation, 2003 Professor Paul Cartledge, Critics and Critiques of Athenian Democracy, 1st January 2001, BBC: https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/greeks/greekcritics_01.shtml

The Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer - 1264 Words

In what ways was does the prioresses abuse the established expectations for nun s and prioresses? In the reading The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer, the prioress do not meet the appropriate societal expectations for nuns and prioress. This happens due to the way that Chaucer describes ironically nuns and prioress as physical and spiritual individuals showing realistic facts about the life of nuns. Chaucer describes a nun Prioress called Madame Eglantine. According to Chaucer a nun should be modest and must be poor and pity, but he means the opposite.In reality, Chaucer describes the nun in a contradictory form to show us, how the nun Prioress had all the spiritual characteristics that a nun should not have.Since in reality a nun was modest, well educated and with good manners.Nuns and prioress nuns must reflect modestly their absolute devotion with God . But, this is just applied to poor nuns. They dressed modestly, most of them were uneducated and had no manners, but they reflect their sensitive to God troughout their modest appearance. That was how God portrayed himself. He was modest and portrayed that modestly throughout his simple way of dressing, talk and behave. In the case of wealthy nuns and Prior nuns s physical appearance reflected the opposite of their devotion and convictions with God. These nuns appearance portrayed ambition. They dressed with expensive garme nts and jewelry, including luxurious rosaries.Prioress did not portray simplicityShow MoreRelatedThe Canterbury Tales, by Geoffrey Chaucer1582 Words   |  7 Pages Geoffrey Chaucer wrote the Canterbury tales a collection of short tales in the 14th century. The compilation of stories are told by different characters within the narrative as part of a game proposed by the host. Each individual must tell two stories on their journey and two stories on their way back. 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There were many clergy members that were mentioned in this story. Each of the characters was unique in the way they went against the standards they should be held to. The most interesting this story was definitely TheRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer2648 Words   |  11 PagesThe Canterbury Tales was written by Geoffrey Chaucer in 1392, during the medieval period in Europe. Three important aspects, his family’s ties to the court, his schooling and working for royalty (XI), and his love for reading and learning (XII) all combined and enabled him to create his greatest work, The Canterbury Tales. Chaucer includes many different characters, pilgrims, all from very unique walks of life. Although there are not as many women included as men, their stories give some extraordinary

An Analysis Of In Arabian Nights English Literature Essay Free Essays

Traveling to new states gives life a fantastic experience and helps learn a individual about the civilizations and traditions of that state. Travelling is something that teaches a individual many things as one can hold many interactions with aliens and can assist one larn many new things approximately him every bit good. Traveling is something that everybody experiences in life. We will write a custom essay sample on An Analysis Of In Arabian Nights English Literature Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Travelling besides helps a individual addition more cognition about the other states civilization, tradition and linguistic communication. Traveling can assist a individual happen his or her finish in life. Traveling to new states gives life a fantastic experience and helps learn a individual about the civilizations and traditions of that state. Travelling is something that teaches a individual many things as one can hold many interactions with aliens and can assist one larn many new things approximately him every bit good. I had a charming experience during my journey to United States of America. My chief purpose or my mission for traveling to America was for an educational intent. I wanted to cognize more about the state and wanted to research it. I had visited America in the twelvemonth 2007. It was 10 yearss school trip. I truly enjoyed my trip with my friends and I besides got to larn many new things on my trip. We were besides accompanied by our professors. My trip was fundamentally based an educational based. They were really helpful and cheerful. We visited Washington DC, New York and Florida. The experience was great and thrilling. We visited many of import landmarks, museums a nd besides many commemorations. These topographic points would assist me cognize more about the history of America. Wherever we went we would ever seek to acquire more and more information about that peculiar country or topographic point as it would assist increase my cognition about that topographic point. Peoples were really friendly in America. I did non experience that I was off from my place state. The people were astonishing. They were really helpful and cheerful. My experience taught me many things. It helped me larn how to populate an independent life. I had to make all by myself. No 1 would pack my bags or press my apparels ; everything was to be done by me. I had seen a transmutation in myself. I was going independent. It was the best experience of my life. The trip besides helped me better my communicating accomplishment. By speaking and run intoing different people in the hotel every bit good around the metropolis, it felt like I belonged to that state. The trip was real ly enlightening. By going with friends it would assist better societal development and additions adulthood in a individual. My love for travel has increased after this experience. The manner I look at the outer universe has changed. This experience has given me many unforgettable memories and has besides helped me transform myself. The experience of Tahir Shah is in a manner related to my travel experience. He was in hunt for the narrative in his bosom, whereas I was in hunt for instruction as it was during my school yearss and I wanted to hold on every bit much cognition about the state. Tahir was ungratified to happen the narrative in his bosom. He met many people and had assorted interactions with them and at last found the narrative in his bosom. I was besides ungratified approximately deriving every bit much cognition as I can. I met many new people and my interaction with them helped me derive cognition about their civilization and traditions. I had a fantastic and joyful experience. It has transformed my full life. Before I used to fear from speaking to aliens, but now I am really confident as I had an experience which transformed me. Tahirs experience was really alone for him. He had found the narrative in his bosom. On my manner to America, I was Travel trips are something that each individual must travel for. Travelling makes people explore the universe every bit good as explore one A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s ain life. Traveling can be a fantastic experience. From the narrative written by Tahir Shah, we come to cognize how restless he was to happen the narrative in his bosom. He travelled all the manner to south of Casablanca and found the narrative in his bosom. When I went to America I excessively was ungratified like Tahir because I was in hunt for more and more instruction. Work Cited: Shah, Tahir. In Arabian Nights: a Caravan of Moroccan Dreams. New York: Bantam, 2008. Print. How to cite An Analysis Of In Arabian Nights English Literature Essay, Essay examples

A study determining the longevity of a lemon battery free essay sample

A. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM This study aims to find out how long a lemon (Citrus limon) can last as a lemon battery powering a digital clock. B. HYPOTHESIS The researcher assumes that one lemon would last for a day or two and that the usage of more lemons would entail a longer battery time. C. OBJECTIVES Specifically, it aims to: 1) come up with a quantity-longevity ratio with the use of a varied quantity of lemons in the production of a lemon battery 2) find the relationship of the number of lemons and the time it powers a digital clock 3) produce a graph showing the said relationship D. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This study is significant to the: 1. BATTERY CONSUMERS because the purchase of batteries is costly unlike the use of lemons because they’re cheaper and more accessible that the lemons may just be taken from the kitchen. 2. ENVIRONMENT because the regular battery contains mercury and lead which are harmful to the environment especially when they are disposed of. We will write a custom essay sample on A study determining the longevity of a lemon battery or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The lemon battery is not at all harmful after disposal. 3. FUTURE RESEARCHERS because this research will serve as a reference material for their research. If this research will be taken further, the elimination of the usage of harmful batteries could be advocated. 4. RESEARCHER because this research will provide more knowledge and insight about the latter. E. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS This study is limited to: 1. Produce a version of the lemon battery 2. Finding out the longevity of the lemon as a battery source for a small digital clock 3. Using 2, 3, 4 or 5 lemons in various set-ups and finding a quantity-longevity ratio 4. This study will be conducted in the classroom during the Physics laboratory period on the Third Quarter. F. DEFINITION OF TERMS 1. Lemon Battery – a proven alternative to the use of the regular battery made of lemon, copper and iron. 2. Populace – the people who live in a country or area 3. Environment – the complex of physical, chemical and biotic factors that act upon an organism or an ecological community and ultimately determine its form and survival 4. Longevity – the length or duration of an individual life CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE BATTERIES A battery produces electrical energy from chemical energy by arranging an indirect contact of the anode (negative endpoint) and the cathode (positive endpoint). Electrons in the battery travel from one terminal to another and as this happens, an electrical current is produced. The traveling of the electrons and the creation of an electrical current enables a device to be powered. There is a well in between the two chemicals which is called an electrolyte which ensures that the anode and the cathode do not interact. Furthermore, the electrons can only flow when the two sides of a battery are connected by a wire or another conductor. [1] LEMONS A lemon is an acidic fruit that is a many-seeded yellow, oblong berry produced by a small and thorny citrus tree. [2] Pharmacologically, a lemon is important because if its Vitamin C contents and for its potassium content. Studies show that the intake of citrus fruits contribute to the reduction of various diseases. [3] LEMON BATTERY Citric acid, which is always present in lemons, reacts with both zinc and copper. As it is inserted into the lemon, the zinc and copper are both dissolving in the citric acid. As this reaction takes place, free electrons begin circulating inside the lemon. The electrons create energy which  travels through the copper wires and creates an electrical current. [4] LEMON BATTERY-POWERED CLOCK Batteries power up gadgets through the production of electrolytes. In the case of a lemon battery, it can power up a simple digital clock through the production of acidic electrolytes. It is imperative to use different metals, more preferably zinc and copper. These two metals allow the easy flow of electricity enough to power up a clock. In a lemon battery-powered clock, the usual materials used are made of copper and zinc inserted in a lemon. This is most common with school science fairs. It is usually constructed with the use of galvanized nails and copper wires that connect to the clock.[5] When the galvanized nail comes into contact with the citric acid of the lemon, it starts two chemical reactions namely: oxidation and reduction. The first process, oxidation starts the whole process by removing the zinc atoms from the nail. Two electrons are removed from each zinc atom, giving the zinc atom a possible charge of two. The second reaction, reduction, zeroes in on the positively charged hydrogen ions in the citric acid near the nail. These ions accept electrons released by the oxidation process and start to form hydrogen gas. These two reactions keep going on and create a movement which can now be called an electric current. All scientists have agreed that electrons move away from the negative terminal of a battery or electric cell and through the circuit toward the positive terminal. Thus the zinc (source of electrons) is the negative terminal in a lemon electric cell, and the copper is the positive terminal which is each connected to the wire where the electric current flows through and thus, powering the clock. [6]

Are the Witches Responsible for Duncans Death

Paraphrasing Essay Example

Paraphrasing Essay Example Paraphrasing Essay Paraphrasing Essay Paraphrasing The type of work that a person engages in has long been used to segregate and cluster people into different classes depending on whether the work was manual or not. Manual work, which requires more effort and strength to carry out has in the past been considered to be for slaves and not for people who enjoyed their freedom. The ideology was to change later with the onset of Christianity that made it possible for people to view work differently. The New Testament and the gospel that came with it portrayed work in a different light as Jesus, the son of God, and who is considered God came in human form and undertook a difficult and highly manual carpentry work. He was a carpenter during all His life changing peoples perspective and view of work from that of an objective to a subjective one. The gospel highlighted in the New Testament entails that the dignity and value of any work are supposed to be defined subjectively by the fact that the work is being done by a human being and not obj ectively by the type of work done. According to the Gospel, work should be valued based on the fact that its being undertaken by a person (subjective) just like God did, and not whether the job is manual or not (objective).

Analysing legal text (The case of Mark v. Mark ) Study

Analysing legal text (The of Mark v. Mark ) - Case Study Example Still, the question of whether the divorce should have gone through in Britain or in Nigeria was the initial problem, and the analysis presented below gives an overall summary of the situation. Since the couple was originally from Nigeria, and the wife had been spending the majority of her time in Britain and had decided not to return to her home in Nigeria, she filed for divorce in Britain. Her husband, however, did not agree with this, and moved for a stay, stating that the proceedings should be decided in Nigeria. The following provides an overview of this case, and what and why the British court decided the way it did. The two individuals involved in this case are from Nigeria, born in that country in 1948 and 1950 respectively. They were married by the law of the River State of Nigeria in 1979; the marriage at that time was considered valid and polygamous, since the husband had married at least two other wives prior to this one, and possibly two more after. Between this particular couple, there were four children, all born in the United Kingdom. All four children have been granted British citizenship. The husband in this particular case served in the Nigerian army, and became a General as well as becoming involved in the government following the military coup of 1983. During this time period, he was able to become quite wealthy. He was posted to Washington in 1990. The wife, on the other hand, had been a lawyer that had practiced in Nigeria. When her husband went to Washington, she proceeded to take classes at Queen Mary College in London, spending time either at school, in Nigeria, or with her h usband. She had obtained multiple entry visas and was able to come to Britain for up to six months at a time until March of 1997. Another coup occurred in November 1993, and the husband did not agree with the new ruler, General Abacha. Therefore, he left the army and decided to leave Nigeria for Britain. The couple then proceeded to establish a domestic home here. The husband was able to obtain a four year work permit that would allow him to remain in the country for that time. The wife was also allowed to stay for a longer period of time than her multiple entry visa originally allowed. After this, the husband was given indefinite leave to stay in Britain because of two of the children. The wife was out of the country, in Florida at the time, and was not included in this decision. When she wanted to return, she was allowed to enter for one day, but she stayed longer. This meant that she had become an over-stayer and was violating sections 24(1)(b) and 24A of the Immigration Act 1971. However, she was eventually granted indefinite leave, but only after the case between she and her husband had started. In June 1998, General Abacha died, so the husband came back to Nigeria to once again pursue politics. He eventually became a Senator in the Upper House of the Nigerian Parliament. However, he still made trips to Britain so that he could visit his wife and children. However, as time passed, the wife in this case gave up hope of coming back to her home country as the most important wife to the husband, and therefore decided to stay in Britain. The wife then issued a divorce petition on July 17, 2000. When she did that, she only focused on her current residence in Britain to discover the court jurisdiction; this was later fixed to add a claim